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african handmade jewelry wholesale Opium smoke and modern Ganning Youth Society
Summary of content] In the century -old history of modern China, opium transformed from the symbol of national crisis into social and political issues. It promotes the deformed development and malignant operation of society, and has become an indispensable inherent condition in development and operation. Before the old system was destroyed, opium was a major tumor that modern China could not rest. Opium has formed a special industry in the historical process of modern China for nearly a century, and has an important place in the traditional industry to explore the formation, development, characteristics and influence of the modern opium industry, which helps us from history. The perspective of looking for the development of the drug economy in China has played a reference for China's current tide of drugs in the world. The Ganning Qing area in the northwest is more special in the Ganning Qing area of ​​Ganning, social situations, and agricultural economic development. The author strives to reveal the full picture of the smoke of this area from the system organizing, transportation, sales, food suction, anomaly, and reasons for repeatedly banned reasons.

Opantic smoke is one of the most serious social problems in modern Chinese society, and it always consists of the entire era. The Ganning Qing area in the northwest is more special in the Ganning Qing area of ​​Ganning, social situations, and agricultural economic development. The author strives to reveal the full picture of the smoke of this area from the system organizing, transportation, sales, food suction, anomaly, and reasons for repeatedly banned reasons.

. The flow of opium, foreign medicine, and soil medicine

Opium, also known as Afurong, commonly known as Da smoke. Anesthesia drugs made of plant poppy juice. Its juice has the effects of hypnosis, sedation, and analgesic. The Tang Dynasty was introduced to China by Arabs. The Ming Dynasty began to be imported as taxes for medicinal materials. In the 17th century, the habit of taking opium smoke was introduced from Nanyang to China. Since then, smoke guns have been burned with smoke guns.

The input of opium and the "strict prohibition" of the Qing government and the "relaxation" movement. In the late Qing Dynasty, the feudal society in China was rotting too much. The boss empire conservative dreams of "the country to the country" and lived alone in East Asia behind closed doors. The Meshic powers were with the impulse of "Marco Polo", and several times tried to open the closed door, all ended in failure. In this huge consumer market in China, countries are about to move. Britain is the vanguard of this battle. In order to unblock Britain, China, and India's triangle trade, Britain sacrificed the knocking door of Opium. The United States, Portuguese, the Netherlands, the West, Russia and other countries have also joined this evil opium trade. From 1800 to 1820, there were about 4,000 boxes of opium in China each year. From 1822 to 1830, an average of 1,1804 boxes were sold each year, and only one year from 1839 to 1840 reached 35,000 boxes. The Qing government really realized the urgency of silver outflow. At the time, a box of tobacco was 400 yuan to 800 yuan silver, and 35,000 boxes of opium were worth 20 million silver. Silver 1 yuan is a general library and the silver 7 dollars, and the number of yuan is two, and the number is 10 million in two or down. This number will inevitably affect the national economy. As for the people's livelihood, the folk song said: "The big smoke is a rod gun, not to hit the self -injury. How many heroes are trapped in the cigarette bed." Opium harms the body of the absorbers. It also causes serious harm to the family's family and society. "At the beginning, he was not a sister -in -law. He was ridiculous, and he knew it. He then went up from the government government to the government, to the superior business officials, and the women monks and priests. The criminal opium trade brings huge benefits to colonial countries, and has caused serious disasters to Chinese society and the Chinese people. When opium starts to absorb, the spirit of fatigue and excitement can be reduced, but the addiction will make people face yellow muscles, sluggishness, and even do not do business, laziness, selfish greed, and some even lose their homes and sell wives. Once the family is exhausted, the male stolen and daughter -in -law, decadent and degeneration, and eventually died tragic. Officials and soldiers took opium, their will is sluggish, ignored political affairs, and did not learn martial arts. Opium smoke not only destroyed the physical and mental health of many Chinese people, but also caused a large amount of silver to flow, disturbing the currency circulation process, rising silver prices, and low silver money, which affected the normal and healthy development of the national economy.

The central government in the late Qing Dynasty has the controversy of "prohibition" and "prohibition" in the way of smoking ban. In 1836, Tai Chang Shaoqing and Xu Naiji proposed the proposal to relax the opium, and Emperor Daoguang ordered the minister to make an opinion on opium trading. Central and local officials have been differentiated into two factions: represented by Mu Zhang A, Qi Shan, Xu Naiji, and Guangdong Local Interests Group, etc., believe that the legitimate opium trade can block officials from corruption. It is also proposed to plant opium in China, and the price will be cheaper; it is strictly forbidden to send Zhu Xi, Xu Qiu, Huang Jizi, Tao Yan, Lin Zexu, etc., and believes that the accident of the country and the people, especially for the country's fiscal, soldiers, and people's livelihood. The hindrance and harm should be "strictly controlled." Humen's sales of cigarettes made the "prohibited" claim into the peak of smoking ban. After the Opium War, the smoking ban became a text. Through Sino -British "Common Trade Articles of Association", the opium trade is legalized. The Qing government was allowed to import opium, "30 pounds of taxes per 100 pounds." Opium taxes have become the Qing government's thirsty wine, and its poisoning penetrates even more unscrupulously to all corners of society. Since then, the country has entered a long period of "relaxation". Opium, the Qing government is called "foreign medicine", but it has inspired the Chinese people to insult. In order to reduce the import of foreign opium and reduce the outflow of silver, the Qing government attempted to reach the ocean with the soil, allowing even to encourage the people of the Mainland to plant opium, the soil medicine Zhao Xing, the opium "passed from India to Yunnan and the south soil was flourishing; There are Sichuan soils in Sichuan; it is passed to Gansu and there are western soil; from Guizhou to Shanxi, Shaanxi, for one or two decades, there have been wasteland and plant poppies. "In fact, Xianfeng and Tongzhi later India's opium production and processing and manufacturing technology has spread to 18 provinces in the Qing Dynasty with the cigarettes. The number of soil smoke was about 50,000 boxes in 1866, and in 1870, it had reached 70,000 boxes, which had exceeded the number of imported cigarettes. By the 1880s, the total number of domestic soil smoke was two to four times that of imported smoke. By the beginning of the 20th century, China's own opium developed greatly. According to the 1906 survey, 22 provinces in China planted opium. It is estimated that the planting area is 187,13600 acres. Occupation 584,800, an increase of about 5 times from 1890. Opium smoke has become a malignant tumor in modern Chinese social diseases.

. Tobacco and poison in the Ganning Qing area

(1) The ruined of the agricultural society in Ganning Qing area n
The Ganning Qing area in the northwest is more fully performed. Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai, located at the Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, and Qinghai -Tibet Plateau. The agriculture is stagnant, the population is scarce, the racial is complex, the culture is backward, the economy is declining, the disasters are still frequent, and the people's lives are difficult. The Ganningqing area had a population of about 6 million before the Opium War, and the number of land reclamation was 230,000 hectares (the actual arable land was less). Social economy is the natural economy of small farmers. The remote areas where ethnic minorities live are mainly animal husbandry. Economic crops mainly include tobacco, hemp, medicinal materials, etc. There are few currencies in the hands of the people, wearing crude fur products. In the early years of Jiaqing, a few places began to plant cotton. During the Daoguang period, folk weaving became atmosphere. Farmers in the landlord's exploitation and the government's squeezing. In addition to the tax, various surcharges and additional floating revenues are often several times the amount levies; government officials, officials of large and small officials, and corruption. In the forty -six years of Qianlong, the Gansu administration was found to be Wang Yewang to collect the two silver, and officials at all levels in Daofu Prefecture reported the disaster and invaded food and grain. It is equivalent to about eight times the normal tax of Gansu at that time (more than 20,000 silver per year).

In the late Qing Dynasty to the 1930s, the periodic social turmoil and natural disasters of Ganningqing caused a huge loss of population and severely damaged the socioeconomic and economy. The Northwest Hui Uprising, which occurred in 1862, caused the population of Gansu sharply. At the end of Jiaqing, there were 2208344 households and 1523,8974 people in Gansu. After Tongzhi chaos, Gansu's population was only about 3.5 million, a decrease of 11.739 million people from Jiaqing in the end of the year. After that, a large -scale social turmoil occurred every 25 years, such as 1 million people in the "B Incident" in the Hebu area in 1895; in 1928, the "Hezhou Incident" and "the killed person reached more than 50 people. Ten thousand". Natural disasters have also caused a loss of population. For example, a magnitude 8.5 earthquake in Haiyuan in 1928 affected the dozens of counties around, and about 246,000 people were killed. Therefore, Gansu's population recovery is very slow. In the end of Guangxu, it only reached 5.09 million, but it was only 33.4%of Jiaqing in the end of Jiaqing. These chaos and disasters have caused serious social and economic damage. For example, in 1862, the "villages and towns are all rubble in the village and towns, and the fields of the fields are the same. There is still an embarrassing house in the city. Even more miserable, "Ping (Liang), Qing (Yang), Xun (State), Gu (Original), thousands of miles of barrenness, Mi looked at white bone Huangmao, cooked smoke was cut off, and the tragedy was in the world. "From 1928-1929, the Northwest Northwest of North China affected 65 counties, and hungry people in Hexi were everywhere. The weak social system collapsed in front of the war and the disaster, and the poor people struggled in the abyss of pain.

(2), tobacco poisoning and embarrassment

1. The northwestern Ganning Qing area of ​​opium production and consumption land, drought and rain, agricultural production is extremely underdeveloped, but The climatic conditions here are also suitable for the growth of poppies. The output and quality of opium are relatively high. Essence Gansu only cited poppy in the end of Daoguang. Initially, it was "purchased in Shaanxi, and it was mature. The Wuwei and ancient waves of Liangzhou belonged to the Jingjing, and the smoke was the most, and its taste was strong." Therefore, in the Xianfeng period, "all counties are planted." During the Xuantong years, the regions with the most smoking smoke in Gansu were Lanlan, Yongdeng, Gulang, Wuwei, Zhangye, Wushan, Gangu, Jingyuan and other places. Opium produced by Wuquan Mountain in Lanlan became a local product.

Xining Road belongs to the seven counties, except for Danagar, Datong, and Bayan Rong three counties. In addition to the unwell planting, Xining (including Jinzhong, Ping An, and mutual assistance), and Musch (including today's today (including today Waterfalls such as Ledu, Minhe), a variety of poppies, and a small grain. According to estimates at the time, more than 7 million tobacco -produced soils were produced each year, and more than 200,000 tobacco taxes were levied.

The early years of light, there are already "poppies planted poppies" in Ningxia. In the end of Daoguang, "Poppy flowers are planted everywhere. Bamboo knife, scraping and refining, Jiang and Zhejiang guests, gathered in money. According to the Governor of Suiti (Governor of Gansu), each year is compatible with more than one million. 100,000 silver, no wins. " During the Guangxu period, "Ningxia planting poppy places is based on Hedong. Seventy eighty -two can be produced per acre. In the last year (three years of Guangxu, 1877), each of them stole the seeds. Ling Hall, Lingzhou is second; Hexi alkali land can only produce thirty forty -two smoke per acre. Compared with the three counties of Xia, Shuo, and Pingluo, Ningxia County is many, Ningshuo and Ping Luo are second. The land of the pond is not suitable, and there is no planting. "

The farmers to serve poppies in a traditional method of cultivating in traditional cultivation. In Jingyuan, due to the cold climate, poppy is generally "planted in February of the lunar calendar, the harvest of July, and the two yin areas in the mountains are closed at the latest in August." , Get good benefits. Poppy poppies can be compared to three to five times that of other crops. When the market price of tobacco and soil is the highest, every "need sixty -seventy -two silver", and the price is "more than thirty two." It is precisely because opium is "high -efficiency crops" that some large land owners are planted large -scale and 100 acres of land.

The period of the Republic of China, due to the compulsory and backward productivity of local warlords, the inconvenience of the commodity economy, and the inconvenience of transportation, the Ganning Qing area was planted in a large area of ​​poppies. According to relevant information, "Gansu Yantian Zhanquan Three -quarters of the provincial farmland, 90%of opium yields. " Tianshui "Out of the city is full of tobacco seedlings, from the east to 20 miles, Dongquan, Ganquan, west Zijianjiahe, Tianshui County, Taijing, excuses, peony, Yangjiachang and other places. Among them, the peony and Yangjiachang smoke farmers have the most, and almost every household grows opium. "Tonggui Castle near Ningxia City" farm crops, poppies account for about 35%, and about 30%of wheat and miscellaneous grains. "Thirty -five", this is the case near the provincial capital, and it can be imagined elsewhere. This abnormal rural economic structure enables some farmers to be sold on the market except for opium. And the social atmosphere worsen, showing the scene of aborting and decaying everywhere. Especially in the 1920s and 1930s, with the deepening of the Mainland smoking ban, the Ganning Qing area was originally wide and rare, and the industrial and agricultural decadent, but the needs of political and military funds forced their finances to go to "actual heavy tax policy". Above, it even had to rely on opium as the first source of income. This situation has accelerated the stagnation of business and the weakness of the agricultural industry. The lives of ordinary people are even more trapped. The "Golden Zhangye, Yinwuwei, and Qin 100,000" once became a painful desolation. In 1934, Song Ziwen inspected the northwest and thought that the northwest "suffering from the distribution system, and the people did not talk about life ... As for the harm of opium, it is thousands of times more than the provinces in the Yangtze River. I inspect the two villages in Ningxia. The habit is rich and Kang Kang; one is the Han and the people, and the smoke poisons are weak and lazy. "

Due to the large amount of opium planting, a special opium market appeared in the Ganning Qing area. In the 1930s and 1940s, the "mountains and rivers of the county have been widely selected opium in the county. Whenever the cigarette season, the merchants gathered nearly a thousand households, or sitting on the ground, or long -distance trafficking." In Jingyuan County, Gansu Multi -person "because of the urgency of harvesting, there are many people who hire short workers, and there have been temporary people in the countryside. The labor is concentrated on the bridge or temple gate early in the morning. Land households need short workers. Well, do not discuss, use a few people to call a few people. The big land households grow hundreds of eighty acres of short people. In addition to the meal, the salary is paid, and there is no money to pay. Tomorrow, count as a labor day. The annual salary bank is different. About one work and two cigarettes, you can buy white noodles (flour) 30 pounds per yuan. " With the influx of the swordsman of the swordsman, various vendors and entertainment teams have also come to the harvest season, so a temporary prosperity appears -the smoke will (smoke field), and the surrounding people have gradually formed a cigarette meeting. Habit. As a result, some collective towns have become the opium market. In Tianshui, the slurry is cut one after another each year, and the cigarettes will begin. "At this time, a large number of unemployed poor and workers in the city all went to the countryside to catch short workers in rural areas. Small merchants and hawkers also prepared all kinds of goods needed for rural areas to change the smoke in the countryside. Among the water -filled smoke, the "dumping of the mud baby", the "wound", etc., they have also went to the countryside to catch the smoke field. Especially the Hongsheng social drama team of singing Qinqiang, at this time, also performed in the countryside. They performed at night. The big drama, during the day, was turned into zero -deeper into the field low, blowing and pulling, singing a few segments, and asking for some cigarettes. In Longxi, "when collecting smoke, it attracted various provinces such as Shaanxi and Henan to catch the cigarette field. There are wealthy businessmen, rogue beggars, prostitutes and various juggling. 6 million tobacco -produced soils. When the big smoke was harvested, "the far away and the natives followed, and the most visitor to the East Road was exchanged for a large number of cash and purchased it on the ground. Most of the vasters were concentrated in the west of the county. Tooth Ji Xing, named 'Tuodian'. I do n’t know how many soil shops, and every village customer acquires at least 8,000. Xiguan Street is crowded with shoulders. Shun Chengcheng has a segment in Jingyuan. Tuke's funds and government's solution to the province's funds are all tens of thousands. Trafficking and sales. After the production of opium production, although the Poppies of the Eighteenth Eighteen of the Qing government bloomed everywhere and produced opium everywhere, there were still two major opium production areas, namely the Southwest region of Yunnanchuan and the northwestern region of Shan, Shaanxi -Gansu. Due to the high quality of opium in the Ganningqing area and large output, in addition to satisfying local self -absorbing, it also transports a large number of foreign countries. This situation has changed less since the death of the Kuomintang regime since the late Qing Dynasty. Among the three main routes of domestic opium long -distance trafficking, the Eastern Transport of Northwest Opium (Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shaanxi) is generally sold in large quantities in North China and Beijing -Tianjin. In 1933, Chiang Kai -shek set up a smoking ban supervision office to implement the so -called "two -year drug -proof, six years of smoking ban" plan. It is stipulated that only the Opium Public Transport. The public transport opium (that is, special goods) was sent to the printed by the Chiang Kai -shek Wuhan Military Commission. , Pingliang, from Jinsui in the north, out of the Hubei and Anhui south, there was no limit to the transportation route in the past. After that, it was transported from Shaanxi and Gansu. The route of transportation is escorted by the smoke ban agency in Shaanxi -Gansu provinces. Ningxia's tobacco soil is along the traditional commercial channel along the land: Wu Zhong -Erotu -Shenlong Temple -Alkali Lake -Cai Lan -Dashiwan -Baotou, which can be distributed from the camel and the horse gang to all parts of North China. In 1936, Ma Bufang was transported to the soil, most of which "loaded with camels or rafts, crossed the Hexi Corridor, colluded with local forces such as Ningxia and Suiyuan, and directly reached Baotou. Sale in Tianjin. "

Linxia, ​​Gansu, is an important distribution center for opium trafficking in the northwest. Opium is mainly from black water, Nawa and other places in Chuankang. Linxia tobacco dealers are called "horses". They are one group of hundreds. Later, there were hundreds of people or even thousands of people. Opium transportation was taxed to the Ma Bufang family (from 1938 to 1949, "horse The guest "Tobacco and soil tax will be more than 6 million yuan), so it is actually public trafficking. After the 1940s, another important source of Hezhou opium was Hexi. In particular, in the early days of the War of Resistance Against Japan, Ma Buqing, Ma Bufang forcibly acquired and obtained 16 million tobacco soil in major smoke -producing areas such as Zhangye and Wuwei. After the so -called smoking prohibition plan was completed in 1940, they sold a large number of tobacco soil to Linxia and other places to sell at high prices. Most of the sales of tobacco in the Linxia area are bought and sold by public business grocery stores. It has long become semi -open nature. There are more than 40. Other sporadic man -operated tobacco are difficult.

Due to the temptation of huge profits, armed "Turkish" gangs in Wuzhong and Lingwu area in Ningxia and Lingwu area appeared. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the price of large smoke rose to about 7 silver dollars from every two silver dollars before "smoking ban". At that time, Wuzhong Town could be exchanged for 85 silver dollars for every two golds, and 40 tobacco soil could be purchased in Baotou, and each two cigarette soil 2 silver dollars. And Wu Zhong can make a profit of 4.5 silver dollars every two cigarettes, that is, the cost of deducting each two tobacco soil. 1 fast horse can be returned to 600 two tobacco soil. It can receive 4,200 silver dollars in Wu Zhong, deducting costs, and generally earned 2,500 silver dollars. Some good horses can steal thousands of tobacco once at a time, and there are more profitability. So at the end of 1941, some businessmen in Wuzhong and Lingwu area began to buy a horse to buy a gun and hire the desperate people who could ride a martyr and hit a quick shot, that is, the "Turkish" who trafficked the tobacco soil, and ran to Baotou and Wu. Between spirit. Military smuggling to smoke has become an important way for some people in the Wu and Ling areas to become rich.

In 1915, Ninghai Township, Ganbian, and Mongolian Mongolian Mongolia Mansion made Ma Qi ordered the ban on smoke, and on the surface, the "smoke paste" official sales policy was also implemented. It is not only prohibited, but also encourages it to levy taxes on entry and transit tobacco to levy "tobacco lantern donations". After that, due to the "Gansu Provincial Provincial Family Banning Fair General Office" generally established a branch in Xining and the seven counties of Taoism, Ma Qi severely banned private cigarettes, and used monopoly trafficking opium. "Officials were sold, and they sent people to transport" tobacco soil ". They were exported from Gansu, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia to all parts of North China in exchange for guns and ammunition, supplemented the Ning Navy, and developed forces to the Mongolian region. When Ma Bufang represented the chairman of the Qinghai Provincial Government in 1936, he still traveled a lot of opium in a large number of smoking. The exquisite smoke and tobacco seized by the "Qinghai Provincial Smoking Committee" were swallowed by Ma Bufang. At the same time, he attached hundreds of "smoking and selling medicine divisions" under the "Qinghai Provincial Banning Committee", which cleverly set up a "big cigarette paste" with a high sales price. The entire smoke -trafficking market was monopolized by the "Qinghai Provincial Smoking Committee".

The situation of opium. The city and rural cigarette halls in Gansu province have more than 300 tobacco halls in Lanzhou alone. In December 1909, the General Ningxia General Terrace gave the Dali of the Qing court saying: "The province (Gansu) has the largest smoke, and there is no ban on species. " At that time, people even took opium as a kind of entertainment, saying that the media, business, lawsuit, entertainment relatives, etc. should be opened and talked while sucking. The smoke plates of rich people are very particular, carved with cigarette plates, white copper cigarette lamp glass cover, and ink bamboo smoke rods with jade agate smoke. The working people smoke a general cigarette plate, or the smoke -free plate is covered with a paper cover, and some are eaten with iron wire sticks, called "flying". Some people treat opium as stimulants. Before the actor appeared on the stage, he had to be addicted to the smoke, singing his voice, and his spirit was shaking. In order to allow the thin body to persist in the tribute of the thin body, it is also necessary to suck the big smoke. There are red and white affairs of rich households, and they must also treat guests with smoke. According to statistics in 1937, the province of Gansu has a total of 914,667 acres of opium, with a total output of 23472805; 1094 soil paste shops; 599,7325 people, 17,9651 drug users, accounting for 3%of the total population. The proportion of the total population of (county) has a total of more than 10%; Wuwei has the most drug users, a total of 17,427; the second secondary, 15,755; Tianshui third, 12097 people.

2. Tobacco poisoning and disaster Opopular smoke poison, which has caused extremely serious hazards to the agricultural economy in the Ganning Qing area in modern times. The 29th volume of "Gan Ning Qingshi Righteousness" describes the harm of cigarettes like this: "Taixi calls China as a branch, and its adult husband. The illness of idleness is deep in the hearts of everyone. The deserted country also, the art wasteland deserted deserted, and the lack of the poppy. On the one hand, a large amount of planting, processing, and sales of opium, on the one hand, some important production factors, labor, and transportation tools areted in the opium industry that is not only unhelpned but infinitely poisonous. The money spent on smoking soil. The limited commodity market and social funds are occupied by opium, which naturally reduces normal handicraft industry and commercial consumption, which brings great damage to the development of urban industrial and commercial. In this way, the rural economy, which was broken, was even more stretched. The prosperity of rural labor is directly related to the abolition of the farm life and the success of the agricultural economy. However, a large number of people have become "big smoke ghosts" because of convenience and easy opium. The body is weak, and the physical fitness of agricultural labor has deteriorated. Normal agricultural farming is difficult to follow. For example, in 1936 Fan Yangtze River seen in the dam in Ningxia's Bitongxia Dam: "Tone farmers who have smoke, when monitoring the waterway in the field, is steamed by the sun. Often fell to the ground, lying down in the field, and the water overflows itself, the shape is pitiful. " How can this talk about the normal development of the rural economy. Ningxia "There are more than 140,000 smokers in the province, accounting for one -fifth of the province's population", and "among Ningxia's population, except for Muslim people, they do not smoke opium. There are opium hobbies, and there are more places. There are often women who are hobbies and conceives. The fetus is poisonous in the abdomen, and the baby who is separated from the mother must often be crying after spraying the noodles! In the future, more than half of the general public will become a skeleton, then all the problems will not be able to talk about it. " Reducing cultivated land and withering labor is the impact of Opaline on the entire rural economy. However, the individual of farmers, under the exploitation of heavy exploitation, planted opium, is not beneficial. "The biggest production of farmers depends on opium." "Smoke like a price, and the socioeconomic and economy is stood in stress." In fact, even if the market price of tobacco is very high, farmers have no hope in addition to sending tobacco to officials, soldiers, usury, merchants, etc., they have no hope. In various tobacco transactions, the "official land" (that is, the cigarette soil requested by the officials) paid by soldiers each year is the most. Several districts were paid by the government and land. For example, there are two thousand officials, and farmers have a few thousand two "medium -full soils". The price of tobacco is lower than the market price, and even such "official prices" are often only half. At the same time, the official price passed from the chamber of commerce to the districts, the district to the guarantee, the guarantee to the A, and waited to the farmers, which was much worse than the original number. With the exploitation of merchants and high -profit loan, farmers' situation is only poverty.

3. In the twenty -five years of the forbidden administration (in 1845), the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Lin Zexu, ordered that the opium was strictly prohibited to enter the country and prevented opium in Longdong. After the Tongzhi chaos, when Zuo Zongtang was governed, it was prohibited because of "forbidden poppy is easy to suck opium than to suck opium." In 1869, Zuo Zongtang promulgated the four -character "Ban Opium" to advocate public opinion. And ordered "Bulletin and Planting Jiameng" to reward cotton planting in various places. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1873), Zuo Zongtang ordered that "If the farmers are still planting poppies, the local officials and the root seedlings are removed. The crime of giving ginseng according to the law of the law. In April 1875, Gansu's entire gangs were banned of opium. However, due to the secrets of the army and corruption of officials, all kinds of ban were used in the same waste paper. In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), March, Gansu Province "Yanli", Gansu smoke was banned. "The ban in the conquest" could not be banned, but the opium was even more flooded.

Since 1906, with the implementation of smoking ban in the country, the implementation of smoking has been implemented throughout the country. Gansu's large -scale smoke is basically prohibited, but "the province's barren and poor people are poverty and poverty, and the law is severely disaster and drought, so the method of planting gradually reduces" 45. 34 years of Guangxu (1908), all places are banned from smoking. The official establishment is established. Quit the smoking office, the official paste bureau, register the smokers, all buy food from the official paste. Stealing, sale, and sucking crimes. When the second year of Xuantong (1910) is banned, agricultural production gradually recovered. The changes in the states of current affairs are chaotic, and some ethnic minority areas and remote mountainous areas have the phenomenon of stealing seeds. In 1922, Lu Hongtao gained Gan Gan. In order to expand the power and exchange for the support of the township envoy, he used the preparation of the army and opened the cigarettes. "(Poppy blooms, register the smoke acres and collect taxes acres). Except for the rations, the" firework duty "is levied per acre up to the fourteenth silver. Plant. Lu Hongtao issued another mandatory order. For the farming of the smoke, the smoke tax is levied per mu, which is "a fine of smoke acres". Disclosure, almost household sucking. In 1926, Feng Yuxiang's national army entered Gan, and Liu Yufen officially listed the "smoke per mu" as a fiscal budget. Since 1937, the Gansu authorities have filed for banned, embarked on, prohibited, and prohibited comprehensives. The anti -drug policy, supplemented by a series of strict supporting measures. As of the end of 1940, according to various reports, the remaining registered smokers (as of the end of October 1939 (as of the 1345 people who did not quit special circumstances (as of the end of October 1939 Novereitors of 197,000 smokers) were all quit; the private smoke seedlings were basically extinct, and the transport and sale of tobacco was controlled. Therefore, during this period, Gansu's forbidden administration was significant and smoke damage was reduced. The embarrassment of the embarrassment of the embarrassment, the smoke is harmful.

The Ningxia area has been forced for two years since 1909. In 1911, the Qing government was overthrown, and Ningxia's tobacco seedlings were unearthed. In 1915, For the ban, it lasts for seven years, and the price of smoke has risen to twelve silver every two. In 1926, the Ningxia region issued a "smoke per mu" for a "smoke acres" per year. 1.8 million yuan, the burden of the people of Ningxia doubled. In 1934, the Nanjing government canceled the "smoke acres" and issued a subsidy of the central government every month. "Secretly changed the additional tax and levied as usual.

1915 In order to seek long -term separation of Qinghai, to solve the sources of food and soldiers, and order tobacco planting, to ensure agricultural production, collect more military rations, and facilitate supply of military needs. Although there are many trafficking and opium in the counties of Xining Road, the planting area of ​​poppy has been greatly reduced. By 1918, the farmland along the Lishui area basically planted food crops. When Ma Bufang represented the chairman of the Qinghai Provincial Government in 1936, although it was advertised as "prohibited, banned vendors, and embargo", and the "Qinghai Provincial General Administration" was reorganized into the "Qinghai Provincial Smoking Committee", in fact Opowion.

4. For the reasons for the prohibition, the proliferation of opium smoke poison in the Ganning Qing area in modern times is like other regions in China. Combined product. However, Ganning Qing region has become one of the main origin of modern opium, but it still has its particularity.

The special social and environmental conditions of the Ganningqing area provides convenient conditions for reactionary rulers and people who chase high profits to develop opium production. The Ganningqing area is biased in the northwest, traffic is closed, social production is backward, and it is generally closed. The isolation from the outside world allows opium production to be carried out in a secret state, and it is easy to evade social inspections and condemnation of public opinion. The private interests of local forces and corruption of corrupt officials have added a heavy umbrella to opium production. In Guo Songzhang's view, Gansu "planting poppies must be the first to be the first. The ministers have a poppy one acre, and the farmland will be seen several times, and the provinces will be reduced. It is also several times more than the usual. The agricultural economy is withered, the rural market has declined, the farmers are getting poverty, the purchasing power is low, and the farmers have no production to maintain their livelihood. Opium alone can barely spend the time. After the Revolution of 1911, Gan Ning Qingdi was separated by warlords. The warlords were used as the main source of their military and fiscal revenue with more than several times more than the grain tax. They forced the people to eliminate seedlings and plant poppies with bloody suppression methods or taxation methods. When Lu Hongtao was governed by Gan, Gansu province accepts the "smoke acres fine" 500 each year